Left Main Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat a blockage or narrowing in the left main coronary artery. On an average, the left main coronary artery provides blood flow to approximately 60-75% of the left ventricle and as much as 85-100% in case of a left dominant circulation. 

Bifurcation Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a specialized procedure performed to treat blockages or narrowings in the point where a coronary artery branches into two smaller vessels, known as a bifurcation. 

Optical Coherence Tomography, is a diagnostic imaging technique used in cardiology to visualize and assess the coronary arteries and intracoronary structures with high resolution. A probe emits near-infrared light, which is reflected back by the tissues, creating detailed images of the vessel walls and structures.

FFR (Fractional Flow Reserve) is a measurement obtained during cardiac catheterization, where a thin wire with a pressure sensor is threaded through the blood vessels to the site of the blockage. A value of less than 0.80 indicates significant narrowing and suggests the need for intervention, such as stenting or bypass surgery, to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of adverse cardiac events.

RFR, on the other hand, is a newer technique that uses the same pressure wire but provides a measurement without the need for the administration of hyperemia-inducing medications. It provides a ratio similar to FFR, with values less than 0.89 indicating significant stenosis.

IVUS, or Intravascular Ultrasound, is a medical imaging technique used in cardiology to visualize and assess the coronary arteries from within. The IVUS probe emits sound waves that bounce off the surrounding tissues and structures, creating detailed cross-sectional images of the blood vessel walls.

IVL or Intravascular Lithotripsy, is a minimally invasive technique used in cardiology to treat calcified coronary artery lesions. A special catheter with an integrated balloon and lithotripsy emitter is inserted into the blocked artery, typically through the groin or wrist. Once positioned at the site of the calcification, the balloon is inflated, and low-energy sonic pressure waves are delivered to the plaque. These pressure waves create microfractures in the calcified plaque, allowing for better expansion of the artery and improved blood flow.

 Rotablation is a specialized technique used in cardiology to treat severely calcified coronary artery lesions. It involves the use of a tiny, diamond-tipped burr mounted on a high-speed rotational device to gently remove the hardened plaque from the inner lining of the blood vessels.

PBMV, or Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty, is a medical procedure used to treat a condition called mitral stenosis, where the valve between the two left chambers of the heart is narrowed. During PBMV, a small balloon is inserted into the narrowed valve and inflated, which helps open up the valve and improve blood flow through the heart, relieving symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.

Device closure is a medical procedure used to repair certain heart defects, like Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), without the need for open-heart surgery. During the procedure, a special device is inserted through a catheter (a thin tube) into the heart to seal or block the abnormal opening, allowing the heart to function more effectively and reducing the risk of complications.

TAVI, or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation, is a minimally invasive procedure to treat aortic stenosis, a condition where the heart’s aortic valve becomes narrow and obstructs blood flow. During TAVI, a new artificial valve is placed inside the diseased valve using a catheter (a thin tube) through a small incision, helping to restore normal blood flow and improve heart function without the need for open-heart surgery.

CRT, or Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, is a treatment for heart failure that involves the implantation of a special device called a biventricular pacemaker. This device helps coordinate the contractions of the heart’s lower chambers (ventricles), which can be out of sync in heart failure patients, improving the heart’s pumping ability and overall function, and alleviating symptoms like fatigue and shortness of breath.